Deconstructing the Discourse of the Jewish “Chosen People” in Fakhruddin al-Razi's Mafātīh al-Ghaib

Abstract

This study critically deconstructs the theological exclusivism of Judaism, particularly the doctrine of the “chosen people” (Am Segulah), through the hermeneutical lens of Fakhruddin al-Razi’s Mafātīḥ al-Ghaib. Using a qualitative approach based on historical-critical and intertextual analysis, this study examines how al-Razi employs rational theology (‘ilm al-kalām) and dialectical reasoning (al-jadal) to challenge claims of perpetual ethnic-religious supremacy. The findings reveal three epistemological maneuvers: (1) Takhsīs az-Zamān (temporal specification), which limits the claim of perpetual privilege in fadhdhaltukum ‘alal-‘ālamīn; (2) rejection of genetic determinism through the interpretation of Q.S. Al-Baqarah: 124, affirming that Divine leadership is nullified by zulm (injustice); and (3) a shift from inherited virtue (Mauhūb) toward ethical merit based on human agency (Iktisāb). Thus, al-Razi’s interpretation transcends classical polemics and advances an ethical universalism in which Divine favor is not determined by lineage but by moral integrity and responsibility. This study implies that al-Razi’s hermeneutical framework offers a relevant theological basis for promoting religious moderation, resisting sectarian and exclusivist claims, and developing a more inclusive understanding of religious ethics. It also encourages contemporary Muslim communities to engage in critical self-reflection concerning similar tendencies toward fanaticism and exclusive truth claims.